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Understand the key terms around health, nutrition, and supplements
469 terms
5-Hydroxytryptophan. Direct precursor to serotonin, used for mood and sleep.
The most abundant structural protein in the human body (approximately 30% of total protein mass). Essential for skin, bones, tendons, and connective tissue.
Main component of articular cartilage. Important for joint health.
Often found together with Type I. Important for the elasticity of skin and blood vessels.
Forms basement membranes that separate epithelial tissue from connective tissue.
Regulates fibril diameter, important for hair and placenta.
Uptake of nutrients from the intestine.
Berry from the Amazon, rich in antioxidants.
Plant substances for stress adaptation.
Plant-derived substances that improve stress resistance and promote homeostasis.
Sleep pressure substance, accumulates during wakefulness, blocked by caffeine.
Stress hormone for fight-or-flight.
Advanced Glycation End Products. Proteins damaged by glycation.
Alpha-hydroxy acids, such as glycolic acid, exfoliate the skin's surface.
Alpha-linolenic acid. Plant-based omega-3 fatty acid, partially converted to EPA/DHA.
A non-essential amino acid that plays an important role in the glucose-alanine cycle and contributes to the energy supply of muscles.
Soothing and healing, promotes cell regeneration.
Overreaction of the immune system.
Succulent for skin care.
Universal antioxidant, fat- and water-soluble, regenerates other antioxidants.
Energy sensor enzyme, activates catabolic processes in case of energy deficiency.
Enzyme for starch breakdown.
Constructive metabolism; builds complex molecules.
A deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor and fatigue.
Violet/blue plant pigments with strong antioxidant effects.
Y-shaped proteins against pathogens.
Substances that neutralize free radicals and protect cells from oxidative stress.
Flavonoid found in chamomile, binds to GABA receptors, has a calming effect.
Omega-6 fatty acid, precursor to prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
Plant-derived active ingredient from bearberry, lightens hyperpigmentation.
A semi-essential amino acid that serves as a precursor to nitric oxide (NO) and supports blood circulation as well as the immune system.
Joint inflammation, can be rheumatic or caused by wear and tear.
Vegetable rich in bitter substances, promotes liver and gall bladder function.
Stable vitamin C derivative for skin care.
Indian adaptogen for stress reduction.
A non-essential amino acid that is important for protein synthesis and nervous system function.
A non-essential amino acid that plays a central role in the urea cycle and energy production.
Red carotenoid, potent antioxidant.
Astragalus. Traditional Chinese herb for the immune system.
Adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of cells.
Immune system attacks its own tissues.
Cellular recycling process that breaks down damaged components.
Traditional Indian system of medicine.
Naturally occurring acid used to treat acne, rosacea, and hyperpigmentation.
System for regulating the acid-base balance.
Uptake from the intestine.
Regulation system for pH levels.
The active component.
Lymphocytes that produce antibodies.
Brahmi. Ayurvedic herb for memory and learning.
Plant-derived retinol alternative, gentler but similarly effective.
Branched-Chain Amino Acids. Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine for muscle building.
Branched-Chain Amino Acids: Leucine, Isoleucine, and Valine. Important for muscle building and regeneration.
Vitamin B1 deficiency with neurological and cardiac symptoms.
Precursor to carnosine, buffers lactic acid in muscles, and improves endurance.
A provitamin A from the group of carotenoids.
Polysaccharides from fungi and yeast, stimulate the immune system.
Supports stomach acid production for better digestion.
Beta-hydroxy acid (salicylic acid), oil-soluble, penetrates pores.
Beneficial gut bacteria.
Vitamin B7, also known as Vitamin H. Essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Known for its effects on hair, skin, and nails.
The proportion of a nutrient that is absorbed and utilized by the body. Dependent on its form and accompanying substances.
Plant compounds that stimulate digestive juices and bile secretion.
Short-wavelength light emitted from screens, inhibits melatonin production.
Concentration of glucose in the blood.
Trace element for bone health.
Frankincense extract containing anti-inflammatory boswellic acids.
Collagen from cattle, mainly contains types I and III.
Short-chain fatty acid, primary energy source for colon cells.
Young barley plant with a high nutrient and enzyme content.
Measure of the amount of mineral matter in bone.
Oil from Nigella sativa containing thymoquinone, with diverse healing effects.
Supporting and connecting tissue of the body.
The most abundant mineral in the body.
Amino acid derivative that transports fatty acids into mitochondria for energy production.
Dipeptide found in muscles and the brain, has an anti-aging effect, buffers acids.
Slow-digesting milk protein for sustained amino acid supply.
Polyphenols from green tea with a strong antioxidant effect.
Dimpling of the skin due to connective tissue weakness.
Lipids in the skin barrier.
Clinker polypore. A mushroom with a high antioxidant content.
Green algae for detoxification.
Electrolyte, part of gastric acid (HCl), regulates fluid balance.
The active form of Vitamin D3.
A glycosaminoglycan, a component of cartilage. Binds water and gives the cartilage elasticity.
Trace element for glucose metabolism.
Long-lasting, low-grade inflammation, the basis of many diseases.
The science of biological rhythms.
A non-proteinogenic amino acid that occurs in the urea cycle and supports nitric oxide production.
Ubiquinone, a coenzyme produced by the body. Essential for ATP production in the mitochondria.
Caterpillar fungus. Improves endurance and oxygen utilization.
The stress hormone.
Amino acid derivative, stores energy in muscles as phosphocreatine.
Crosslinking of collagen fibers for stability. Increases with age and stiffens tissues.
Active compound in turmeric, anti-inflammatory.
A sulfur-containing amino acid that is essential for the formation of glutathione.
Enzymes for drug and toxin breakdown in the liver.
Unit of measurement for energy in food.
Dosage form for nutritional supplements.
Breakdown metabolism, cleaves molecules for energy.
Enzyme that decomposes hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
Investigation on humans.
Elastic connective tissue in joints.
Most abundant collagen type (90%). Forms skin, tendons, bones, and organs.
Fibers formed from collagen.
Hydrolyzed collagen in the form of small peptides. Better bioavailability than native collagen.
The biological process of collagen formation.
First milk, rich in antibodies and immune factors.
CLA. Naturally occurring fatty acid with potential effects on body composition.
Most researched supplement for strength and muscle growth.
Rapid energy reserve in muscles for short, intense bursts of activity.
Citric acid cycle. Central metabolic pathway for energy production.
Severe developmental disorder due to iodine deficiency during pregnancy.
Important for collagen and elastin synthesis.
Peptides with bound copper, promoting wound healing and collagen synthesis.
Process of energy production from nutrients in mitochondria.
24-hour body rhythms, controlled by the internal clock.
Signaling molecules of the immune system.
Indigestible plant fibers.
Sugar, building block of ATP, supports energy production.
Unit of measurement for molecular mass. Collagen peptides should be 2000-5000 Da for optimal absorption.
The dermis, middle layer of skin.
Detoxification of the body.
The body's own detoxification process, primarily in the liver.
Omega-3 fatty acid in the brain.
Dehydroepiandrosterone. A precursor to sex hormones.
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness. Muscle soreness 24-72 hours after training.
Neurotransmitter of the reward system.
Study design where neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the active treatment and who is receiving the placebo.
The amount of an active ingredient.
Wild herb, supports liver, gallbladder and digestion.
Concentrated sources of nutrients.
African plant, traditionally used for joint discomfort.
Slow-Wave Sleep. Most important phase for physical regeneration.
Enzymes for nutrient breakdown.
Essential Amino Acids. All 9 essential amino acids.
Coneflower. Traditionally used to strengthen the immune system during colds.
Epigallocatechin gallate. The most potent catechin from green tea.
Natural source of collagen, glucosamine, and chondroitin.
Structural protein that provides elasticity to tissues. Found in skin, lungs, and blood vessels.
Minerals with an electrical charge.
Final stage of cellular respiration, produces the most ATP.
The body's natural feel-good hormones.
The circulation of substances between the intestine and the liver.
Biocatalysts in the body.
Omega-3 fatty acid for heart health.
The epidermis, outermost layer of skin.
Changes in gene expression without alteration of the DNA sequence.
Scientific proof.
Concentrated form of plant substances.
The three-dimensional network between cells.
Rich in anthocyanins, traditionally used for colds and flu.
Female sex hormone.
Temporary abstinence from food.
Connective tissue sheaths surrounding muscles and organs.
Microbial conversion of substances.
Components of fats.
The main cells of connective tissue. They produce collagen, elastin, and the extracellular matrix.
Secondary plant compounds with antioxidant properties.
Trace element for tooth enamel hardness.
Vitamin B9, essential for cell division and DNA synthesis.
Fructooligosaccharides. Short-chain prebiotic fibers.
Highly reactive molecules that can damage cells.
Rich in fiber and omega-3 fatty acids, supports digestion.
Boswellia. Resin containing anti-inflammatory boswellic acids.
The entirety of microorganisms in the intestine.
Inhibitory neurotransmitter for relaxation.
Partially hydrolyzed collagen that gels upon cooling.
The hunger hormone.
Main active compound in fresh ginger, responsible for its pungency and effects.
Extract for circulation and cognition.
Oldest tree species, improves blood circulation and cognitive function.
Asian medicinal root for energy.
Gamma-Linolenic acid. Omega-6 fatty acid with anti-inflammatory properties.
Counterpart to insulin, increases blood sugar.
An amino sugar, a building block of cartilage and joint fluid. Used as a dietary supplement for joint problems.
Dextrose, the most important source of energy for cells.
The most abundant amino acid in the blood and muscles. Important for the immune system, gut health, and regeneration.
Primary energy source for intestinal cells, important for the intestinal barrier.
A non-essential amino acid and an important neurotransmitter in the brain.
The body's own master antioxidant composed of three amino acids.
The smallest amino acid and a main component of collagen. Important for collagen synthesis, sleep, and detoxification.
A measure of the effect on blood sugar.
Reaction between sugar and proteins.
Smallest AHA from sugar cane, effective for anti-aging and acne.
Good Manufacturing Practice.
Chinese wolfberry, rich in antioxidants.
Galactooligosaccharides. Prebiotics similar to those found in breast milk.
New Zealand mussel containing Omega-3 and glycosaminoglycans.
Tea with a high catechin content.
Spicy root against nausea.
Enlargement of the thyroid gland, often due to iodine deficiency.
HGH. Promotes growth, regeneration, and fat loss.
Consideration of body, mind, and spirit.
Time until the concentration is halved.
Iron storage disease with excessive iron absorption.
Tissue hormone involved in allergies.
A semi-essential amino acid, precursor to histamine.
Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate. Leucine metabolite, supports muscle maintenance.
Large hyaluronic acid molecules that form a moisturizing film on the skin.
Intermediate amino acid, elevated in B vitamin deficiency, cardiovascular risk.
A calming plant, often combined with valerian.
A beneficial adaptive response to low-dose stressors.
A glycosaminoglycan with a high water-binding capacity. Important for skin hydration and joint lubrication.
Main component of the synovial fluid, lubricates and cushions.
A protein that has been broken down by hydrolysis.
Enzymatically broken down collagen, more easily absorbed by the body.
A modified amino acid found almost exclusively in collagen.
Holy Basil. Adaptogen for stress and the immune system.
Cartilaginous cushions between vertebrae.
Inner lining of the intestine.
Essential for oxygen transport in the blood.
Most common form of anemia caused by iron deficiency.
A protective response of the body.
Insulin-like Growth Factor 1, mediates HGH effects.
The body's own protective system.
The body's own defense system against pathogens.
Cells of the immune system.
In glass. (Referring to procedures conducted in a laboratory setting, outside of a living organism.)
In a living organism.
Sleeplessness, difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
Hormone for blood sugar regulation.
Reduced response to insulin, a precursor to type 2 diabetes.
Proteins against viral infections.
Cytokines for immune cell communication.
Cytokines that communicate between leukocytes.
Time-restricted eating with fasting periods (e.g., 16:8). May promote metabolism and autophagy.
Prebiotic fiber.
An essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA).
Essential for thyroid hormones.
Liquid wax very similar to skin sebum, regulates oil production.
Fibrous protein in hair and nails.
Diet with few carbohydrates.
Energy sources from fat breakdown, particularly usable for the brain.
Metabolic state with fat as the energy source.
Lightening agent derived from fungi, inhibits tyrosinase.
Bands of fibrous connective tissue between bones.
Transports fatty acids into the mitochondria.
Amino acid from tea, promotes relaxed wakefulness and alpha brain waves.
Lactic acid-producing bacteria.
Iron-binding protein with antimicrobial and immune-boosting effects.
Enzyme for the digestion of lactose (milk sugar), deficient in lactose intolerance.
Salt of lactic acid, produced during anaerobic energy production.
The intensity at which lactate is produced faster than it is cleared.
Soothing essential oil, promotes relaxation and sleep.
Permeable intestinal wall.
Mixture of phospholipids, important for cell membranes and a source of choline.
Satiety hormone from fat cells, signals energy reserves.
The most important essential amino acid for muscle building.
Essential omega-6 fatty acid, precursor to arachidonic acid.
Hericium erinaceus. A mushroom that stimulates nerve growth factors.
Enzyme for fat digestion.
Fats and fat-like substances.
Encapsulation in liposomes.
Carbohydrate-reduced diet.
Carotenoid concentrated in the macula of the eye, protects against blue light.
Red carotenoid from tomatoes, protects against UV damage.
White blood cells.
An essential amino acid, important for collagen synthesis.
An enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls.
Gentle AHA, additionally hydrates and lightens pigmentation spots.
Small hyaluronic acid molecules that can penetrate deeper into the skin.
Liquorice. Adaptogen for adrenal glands, anti-inflammatory.
Peruvian root for energy and libido.
Involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions. Important for muscle and nerve function, energy metabolism, and bone health.
Well-tolerated magnesium, with additional calming effects due to glycine.
Proteins, carbohydrates, fats.
Phagocytic cells of the immune system.
Large AHA molecules, particularly gentle for sensitive skin.
Cofactor for antioxidant enzymes.
New Zealand honey containing methylglyoxal (MGO), antibacterial.
Silymarin protects and regenerates the liver.
Collagen derived from fish, primarily Type I with high bioavailability.
Ground green tea from Japan.
Medium-Chain Triglycerides, rapid energy.
The pigment responsible for skin and hair color.
The sleep hormone.
The metabolism, all biochemical processes.
An intermediate product of metabolism.
An essential sulfur-containing amino acid.
Attachment of methyl groups, important for detoxification and epigenetics.
The totality of all microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi) in and on the human body.
Vitamins, minerals, trace elements.
The powerhouses of the cells.
Trace element in sulfur metabolism.
Miracle tree, rich in nutrients.
Methylsulfonylmethane, organic sulfur compound.
Gene for folate metabolism, mutation impairs methylation.
Signaling pathway for cell growth and division, influences aging.
The building of new muscle proteins, stimulated by exercise and protein intake.
How an active ingredient works.
Herb rich in minerals, traditionally used for blood and joints.
NAC. Precursor to glutathione, a powerful antioxidant and mucolytic agent.
Coenzyme for energy metabolism.
Reduced form of NAD+, provides electrons for ATP production.
Ratio of nutrients to calories.
Inadequate supply of nutrients.
NK cells. Part of the innate immunity against viruses and tumors.
Chemical messengers between nerve cells.
Vitamin B3, important for energy metabolism.
Vitamin B3 for the skin, minimizes pores, brightens pigmentation spots.
Natural killer cells.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide. Precursor of NAD+, anti-aging substance.
Substances for improving cognitive functions.
Neurotransmitter for attention.
Nicotinamide Riboside. A form of Vitamin B3, increases NAD+ levels.
Degenerative joint disease.
Essential fatty acids for the heart and brain.
Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids with anti-inflammatory properties.
Essential fatty acids, but pro-inflammatory in excess.
Monounsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, good for heart health.
Antioxidants from grape seeds.
Non-proteinogenic amino acid, involved in the urea cycle and growth hormone release.
Optimal nutrient supply.
Bone-forming cells.
Bone-resorbing cells.
Vitamin D deficiency in adults resulting in bone softening.
Bone loss with an increased risk of fracture.
Imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants.
The bonding hormone.
Chronic exhaustion due to excessive training without sufficient recovery.
Most important electrolyte within the cells.
Paleolithic diet.
Korean ginseng containing stimulating ginsenosides.
Provitamin B5, moisturizing and promotes healing.
Vitamin B5, component of Coenzyme A.
A plant with anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) and sleep-promoting properties.
Soluble fiber from apples; binds toxins.
Niacin deficiency with dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia.
Digestive enzyme in the stomach.
Short chains of amino acids with specific signaling effects in the skin.
Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia due to a lack of intrinsic factor.
Polyhydroxy acids, gentler than AHAs, suitable for sensitive skin.
What the body does to a drug.
First stage of liver detoxification via cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Conjugation of toxins for excretion.
An essential amino acid, precursor to tyrosine.
Fat molecules with a phosphate group, a major component of cell membranes.
Second most important mineral after calcium.
Premature skin aging caused by UV radiation.
Sham medication.
Secondary plant compounds with antioxidant effects.
Collagen derived from pigs, structurally very similar to human collagen.
Supplement taken after training to aid recovery.
Metabolic byproducts of probiotics with health-promoting effects.
Pyrroloquinoline quinone. Supports mitochondrial biogenesis.
Non-digestible food components for beneficial gut bacteria.
Prevention of diseases.
Supplement taken before training for energy and focus.
Live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host.
Female sex hormone for cycle and pregnancy.
Precursor to collagen, formed within the cell and processed into collagen outside the cell.
A non-essential amino acid, a major component of collagen. Important for wound healing and joint health.
Bee resin with antibacterial and immune-boosting properties.
Enzyme for protein digestion, such as pepsin and trypsin.
Macromolecules made of amino acids that serve as building blocks for tissues, enzymes, and hormones. Also called proteinaceous substance.
Psyllium seed husks. Bulking fiber for regular digestion.
A flexibly dosed form of administration.
Vitamin B6, involved in over 100 enzymatic reactions.
Freedom from contaminants.
Flavonoid with antihistamine properties.
Queen bee food, rich in nutrients and growth factors.
Vitamin D deficiency in children with bone deformities.
Random assignment.
Recommended daily allowance.
Recovery and restoration of the body after exertion. Important for training and health.
Lingzhi mushroom. Adaptogenic mushroom for the immune system and stress.
Rapid Eye Movement. Dream sleep, important for memory consolidation.
Starch that is not digested and acts as a prebiotic.
Polyphenol found in grapes.
Active form of Vitamin A, stronger than retinol but better tolerated than tretinoin.
The active form of Vitamin A.
Inflammatory disorders of the musculoskeletal system.
Rhodiola rosea, adaptogen for stress.
Vitamin B2, essential for energy metabolism.
Reactive oxygen species. Free radicals derived from oxygen.
Flavonoid, strengthens blood vessels and improves vitamin C absorption.
Synovial fluid for joint lubrication.
Protective function of the outermost layer of skin.
Ability of the skin to bounce back.
SCFAs. Produced by gut bacteria, important for gut and metabolic health.
Most important electrolyte outside the cells.
Probiotic yeast, e.g. S. boulardii for diarrhea.
BHA from willow bark, effective against acne and clogged pores.
S-Adenosylmethionine. Naturally occurring substance in the body for cartilage and mood.
Five-flavor fruit. Adaptogen, protects the liver.
Cessation of breathing during sleep, disrupts sleep quality.
Habits and environmental factors that promote healthy sleep.
Stages of sleep: light sleep, deep sleep, REM sleep.
A component of amino acids such as methionine and cysteine. Important for collagen and keratin.
Important for thyroid function.
Cellular aging, cells no longer divide but remain active.
Substances that eliminate senescent (aging) cells.
A non-essential amino acid, important for phospholipids.
Neurotransmitter for mood.
Rich vegetable fat, nourishes and protects dry skin.
Edible mushroom containing beta-glucans for immune modulation.
Eleutherococcus, an adaptogen but not botanically a true ginseng.
Peptides that stimulate cells to produce collagen, e.g. Matrixyl.
Trace element, important for the formation of collagen and the health of skin, hair, nails, and connective tissue.
Longevity genes, regulate metabolism and cell aging.
Vitamin C deficiency disease with connective tissue weakness.
Lipids with a sphingosine backbone, important for nerve cells and signal transduction.
Blue-green microalgae, rich in protein.
Skin-identical oil, light and non-comedogenic, provides moisture.
Guaranteed active ingredient content.
Trace element that promotes bone formation and inhibits bone resorption.
The hypodermis with adipose tissue.
Absorption under the tongue, bypasses the gastrointestinal tract.
SOD. Enzyme that neutralizes superoxide radicals.
Supplementing the diet.
Combination of probiotics and prebiotics.
Enhanced overall effect.
Viscous joint lubricant.
Therapeutic fasting.
Golden root containing curcumin.
Organ responsible for metabolic regulation.
T3 and T4 regulate metabolism, energy, and body temperature.
Connective tissue cords between muscles and bones.
Lymphocytes for cellular immune response.
Compressed dosage form.
Tannins in tea, wine, and fruits with an astringent effect.
Amino acid-like compound, important for heart function, bile acid conjugation, and antioxidant protection.
Enzyme that can lengthen telomeres.
Protective caps at the ends of chromosomes that shorten with each cell division.
Male sex hormone.
Heat production of the body.
Vitamin B1, essential for carbohydrate metabolism.
An essential amino acid, important for collagen and elastin.
Tight connections between intestinal cells, regulate permeability.
Vitamin E, a fat-soluble antioxidant.
Inhibits melanin production, effective against hyperpigmentation and melasma.
Prescription-strength retinoic acid, highly effective against wrinkles and acne.
An essential amino acid, precursor to serotonin and melatonin.
A non-essential amino acid, precursor to dopamine.
Active, reduced form of CoQ10 with better bioavailability.
Undenatured type II collagen, modulates immune response to cartilage.
Urea, intensely moisturizing and keratolytic.
Herbal sedative for better sleep.
Trace element with a potential role in glucose and lipid metabolism.
Nutrition without animal products.
Collagen booster from plant-based sources, stimulates the body's own production.
Fat-soluble vitamin, important for eyesight and the immune system.
Also known as thiamine. A water-soluble vitamin, essential for energy metabolism and nerve function.
Cobalamin, essential for blood formation and nerve function.
Also known as Riboflavin. Important for energy production, cell growth, and the health of skin and eyes.
Also known as Niacin. Involved in energy metabolism, supports the nervous system and skin health.
Also called pantothenic acid. Essential for fatty acid synthesis and energy production.
Important for protein metabolism, immune function, and the formation of neurotransmitters such as serotonin.
Also known as biotin. Essential for skin, hair, nails, and the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Also known as folic acid. Crucial for cell division, DNA synthesis, and particularly important during pregnancy.
Ascorbic acid, a water-soluble antioxidant. Essential for collagen synthesis, immune function, and iron absorption.
The sunshine vitamin, actually a hormone. Important for bone health, immune system, and muscle strength.
Essential for calcium absorption and bone mineralization.
Cholecalciferol. Fat-soluble vitamin, important for calcium absorption, bone health, and the immune system.
Group of fat-soluble antioxidants.
Important for blood clotting and bone health.
Phylloquinone. Essential for blood clotting, found mainly in green leafy vegetables.
Menaquinone. Important for bone and heart health, regulates calcium distribution in the body.
Directs calcium into the bones instead of the arteries.
Maximum oxygen uptake, a measure of endurance performance.
Furrows in the skin due to collagen breakdown.
Young wheat plant, rich in chlorophyll and nutrients.
Whey protein with rapid absorption and high leucine content.
Copper storage disease with copper deposits in organs.
Together with lutein, important for eye health.
Essential trace element, cofactor for over 300 enzymes. Important for the immune system, wound healing, and protein synthesis.
Protein that opens tight junctions, elevated in Leaky Gut.